A term paper is considered as an integral part of the academic essay. A term paper will be evaluated according to quality of writing, organization and depth of thoughts, sentence and paragraph construction, correct citations and references that would throw an insight into all relevant and important issues with regards to the topic. Opinions, view and arguments must be supported with strong and logical evidences showing the amount of in-depth research work. To guide you with the formulation of term paper. ( Click the read more to see the details of the term paper format)

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TERM PAPER FORMAT

I. Text and Paragraph Formatting and Margins

 

1. number your pages in the upper right hand corner

2. Margins: Left 1.5", Right 1", Top 1" and Bottom 1"

3. Font Size 12, Fontface Arial, Double-space, justify alignment

4. Minimum of 12 pages excluding the title page, table of content, bibliography and curriculum vitae

II. Content

1. Title Page: this includes the following information

 

• Title of the document
• Name of the Author
• Course Title/ Subject
• Name of the Professor
• Date of the submission

 

2. Table of Contents

3. Introduction : In the introduction, you should:

a. Define or identify the general topic, issue, or area of concern, thus providing an appropriate context for reviewing the literature.

b.Point out overall trends in what has been published about the topic; or conflicts in theory, methodology, evidence, and conclusions; or gaps in research and scholarship; or a single problem or new perspective of immediate interest.

c.Establish the writer's reason (point of view) for reviewing the literature; explain the criteria to be used in analyzing and comparing literature and the organization of the review (sequence); and, when necessary, state why certain literature is or is not included (scope).

4. Body Paragraphs:

a. Group research studies and other types of literature (reviews, theoretical articles, case studies, etc.) according to common denominators such as qualitative versus quantitative approaches, conclusions of authors, specific purpose or objective, chronology, etc.

4. Conclusions

 

a. Summarize major contributions of significant studies and articles to the body of knowledge under review, maintaining the focus established in the introduction.

b.Evaluate the current "state of the art" for the body of knowledge reviewed, pointing out major methodological flaws or gaps in research, inconsistencies in theory and findings, and areas or issues pertinent to future study.

c.Conclude by providing some insight into the relationship between the central topic of the literature review and a larger area of study such as a discipline, a scientific endeavor, or a profession.

 

5. Bibliography- with complete citations and references use APA Format

 

Basics of APA

Your list of works cited should begin at the end of the paper on a new page with the centered title, References. Alphabetize the entries in your list by the author's last name, using the letter-by-letter system (ignore spaces and other punctuation.) Only the initials of the first and middle names are given. If the author's name is unknown, alphabetize by the title, ignoring any A, An, or The.

For dates, spell out the names of months in the text of your paper, but abbreviate them in the list of works cited, except for May, June, and July. Use either the day-month-year style (22 July 1999) or the month-day-year style (July 22, 1999) and be consistent. With the month-day-year style, be sure to add a comma after the year unless another punctuation mark goes there.

Underlining or Italics?

When reports were written on typewriters, the names of publications were underlined because most typewriters had no way to print italics. If you write a bibliography by hand, you should still underline the names of publications. But, if you use a computer, then publication names should be in italics as they are below. Always check with your instructor regarding their preference of using italics or underlining. Our examples use italics.

Hanging Indentation

All APA citations should use hanging indents, that is, the first line of an entry should be flush left, and the second and subsequent lines should be indented 1/2".

Capitalization, Abbreviation, and Punctuation

The APA guidelines specify using sentence-style capitalization for the titles of books or articles, so you should capitalize only the first word of a title and subtitle. The exceptions to this rule would be periodical titles and proper names in a title which should still be capitalized. The periodical title is run in title case, and is followed by the volume number which, with the title, is also italicized.

If there is more than one author, use an ampersand (&) before the name of the last author. If there are more than six authors, list only the first one and use et al. for the rest.

Place the date of publication in parentheses immediately after the name of the author. Place a period after the closing parenthesis. Do not italicize, underline, or put quotes around the titles of shorter works within longer works.

2. How to Write an APA Style Bibliography

1. Begin a new page separate from the text for your bibliography or reference list

2. Create an alphabetized list of your sources based upon the author’s last name.

3. For each source, list the author’s last name and first initials, with a comma separating the names and initials and periods after the initials. APA calls for initials only to reduce bias. Ex. Smith, M.A.

4. List the title of the article. Capitalize only the first word of the title unless subsequent words are proper nouns. End with a period. This step does not apply if you are referring to an entire book.

5. List the title of the article. Capitalize only the first word of the title unless subsequent words are proper nouns. End with a period. This step does not apply if you are referring to an entire book.

6. List the title of the work (book or journal) in italicized text, with a period following the title. If it is a book (or any other source except a journal) you will capitalize only the first word of the title unless subsequent words are proper nouns or the first word after a colon, and end it with a period. Ex. How to write an APA-style bibliography. If it is a journal, capitalize all major words, insert a comma, add the volume number, issue number (in parentheses, if applicable -- if the journal starts the page numbering of each issue with 1, then include this; if the journal continues page numbering issue to issue for a volume, do not include this), another comma, the page number(s) and a period to end the journal citation. Ex. The Statesman Journal, 59(4), 286-295.

7. List the place of publication of the book (city, state or just city) and then the name of the publisher, with a colon separating them. Follow the publisher with a period. Ex. Boston, MA: Random House.

8. Indent all but the first line of every entry (a hanging indent).

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11.3. Format Examples

11.3.a. Books

Format:

Author's last name, first initial. (Publication date). Book title. Additional information. City of publication: Publishing company.

Examples:

Allen, T. (1974). Vanishing wildlife of North America. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society.

Boorstin, D. (1992). The creators: A history of the heroes of the imagination. New York: Random House.

Nicol, A. M., & Pexman, P. M. (1999). Presenting your findings: A practical guide for creating tables. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Searles, B., & Last, M. (1979). A reader's guide to science fiction. New York: Facts on File, Inc.

Toomer, J. (1988). Cane. Ed. Darwin T. Turner. New York: Norton.

11.3.b. Encyclopedia & Dictionary

Format:

Author's last name, first initial. (Date). Title of Article. Title of Encyclopedia (Volume, pages). City of publication: Publishing company.

Examples:

Bergmann, P. G. (1993). Relativity. In The new encyclopedia britannica (Vol. 26, pp. 501-508). Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica.

Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary (10th ed.). (1993). Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster.

Pettingill, O. S., Jr. (1980). Falcon and Falconry. World book encyclopedia. (pp. 150-155). Chicago: World Book.

Tobias, R. (1991). Thurber, James. Encyclopedia americana. (p. 600). New York: Scholastic Library Publishing.

11.3.c. Magazine & Newspaper Articles

Format:

Author's last name, first initial. (Publication date). Article title. Periodical title, volume number(issue number if available), inclusive pages.

 

Note: Do not enclose the title in quotation marks. Put a period after the title. If a periodical includes a volume number, italicize it and then give the page range (in regular type) without "pp." If the periodical does not use volume numbers, as in newspapers, use p. or pp. for page numbers.

Note: Unlike other periodicals, p. or pp. precedes page numbers for a newspaper reference in APA style.

Examples:

Harlow, H. F. (1983). Fundamentals for preparing psychology journal articles. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 55, 893-896.

Henry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in today's schools. Time, 135, 28-31.

Kalette, D. (1986, July 21). California town counts town to big quake. USA Today, 9, p. A1.

Kanfer, S. (1986, July 21). Heard any good books lately? Time, 113, 71-72.

Trillin, C. (1993, February 15). Culture shopping. New Yorker, pp. 48-51.

11.3.d. Website or Webpage

Format:

Online periodical:

Author's name. (Date of publication). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume number, Retrieved month day, year, from full URL

11.3.e. Online document:

Author's name. (Date of publication). Title of work. Retrieved month day, year, from full URL

 

Note: When citing Internet sources, refer to the specific website document. If a document is undated, use "n.d." (for no date) immediately after the document title. Break a lengthy URL that goes to another line after a slash or before a period. Continually check your references to online documents. There is no period following a URL.

Note: If you cannot find some of this information, cite what is available.

 

Examples:

Devitt, T. (2001, August 2). Lightning injures four at music festival. The Why? Files. Retrieved January 23, 2002, from http://whyfiles.org/137lightning/index.html

Dove, R. (1998). Lady freedom among us. The Electronic Text Center. Retrieved June 19, 1998, from Alderman Library, University of Virginia website: http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/subjects/afam.html

 

Note: If a document is contained within a large and complex website (such as that for a university or a government agency), identify the host organization and the relevant program or department before giving the URL for the document itself. Precede the URL with a colon.

Fredrickson, B. L. (2000, March 7). Cultivating positive emotions to optimize health and well-being. Prevention & Treatment, 3, Article 0001a. Retrieved November 20, 2000, from http://journals.apa.org/prevention/volume3/pre0030001a.html

GVU's 8th WWW user survey. (n.d.). Retrieved August 8, 2000, from http://www.cc.gatech.edu/gvu/usersurveys/survey1997-10/

Health Canada. (2002, February). The safety of genetically modified food crops. Retrieved March 22, 2005, from http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/english/protection/biologics_genetics/gen_mod_foods/genmodebk.html

Hilts, P. J. (1999, February 16). In forecasting their emotions, most people flunk out. New York Times. Retrieved November 21, 2000, from http://www.nytimes.com

 

Sample

References

 

Battery. (1990). Encyclopedia britannica. (pp. 100-101). Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica.

Best batteries. (December 1994). Consumer Reports Magazine, 32, 71-72.

Booth, Steven A. (January 1999). High-Drain Alkaline AA-Batteries. Popular Electronics, 62, 58.

Brain, Marshall. How batteries work. howstuffworks. Retrieved August 1, 2006, from http://home.howstuffworks.com/battery.htm

Cells and batteries. (1993). The DK science encyclopedia. New York: DK Publishing.

Dell, R. M., and D. A. J. Rand. (2001). Understanding batteries. Cambridge, UK: The Royal Society of Chemistry.

Learning center. Energizer. Eveready Battery Company, Inc. Retrieved August 1, 2006, from http://www.energizer.com/learning/default.asp

Learning centre. Duracell. The Gillette Company. Retrieved July 31, 2006, from http://www.duracell.com/au/main/pages/learning-centre-what-is-a-battery.asp

 

 

 

 

Useful links:

http://www.unl.edu/rhames/courses/format_for_term_papers.htm

http://essaywritingblog.com/handbook-for-essay-writers/term-paper-outline-format

http://www.aresearchguide.com/1steps.html