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ED 105 Lesson 4 The Cone of Experience & Assessment

Wednesday, 13 July 2011 12:43 Dr. Maria Theresa P. Pelones

4.1.The cone of experience

“ The cone is a visual analogy and like all analogies, It does not bear and exact and detailed relationship to the complex elements it represents” – Edgar Dale

The Cone of Experience is a visual model a pictorial device that presents bands of experience arranged according to degree of abstraction and not a degree of difficulty. The farther you go from the bottom of the cone, the more abstract the experience becomes.

Deadline of submission of Portfolio 5: July 21 & 22, 2011

The original labels for Dale’s ten categories are: Direct, Purposeful Experiences; Contrived Experiences; Dramatic Participation;Demonstrations; Field Trips; Exhibits; Motion Pictures; Radio; Recordings; Still Pictures; Visual Symbols; and Verbal Symbols

When Dale researched learning and teaching methods he found that much of what we found to be true of direct and indirect (and of concrete and abstract) experience could be summarised in a pyramid or ‘pictorial device’ Dales called ‘the Cone of Experience’. In his book ‘Audio visual methods in teaching’ – 1957, he stated that the cone was not offered as a perfect or mechanically flawless picture to be taken absolutely literally. It was merely designed as a visual aid to help explain the interrelationships of the various types of audio-visual materials, as well as their individual ‘positions’ in the learning process.

Dale points out that it would be a dangerous mistake to regard the bands on the cone as rigid, inflexible divisions. He said “The cone device is a visual metaphor of learning experiences, in which the various types of audio-visual materials are arranged in the order of increasing abstractness as one proceeds from direct experiences”

People Remember

It is said that people remember:

10% of what they read
20% of what they hear
30% of what they see
50% of what they see and hear
70% of what they write and say
90% of what they say as they do

The percentages –> 10% of what they read 20% of what they hear 30% of what they see 50% of what they hear and see 70% of what they say or write 90% of what they say as they do a thing

The bogus percentages appear to have been first published by an employee of Mobil Oil Company in 1967, writing in the magazine “Film and Audio-Visual Communications”.

One kind of sensory experience is not necessarily more educationally useful than another. Sensory experience are mixed and interrelated. When students listens as you give lectures most of them do not only have auditory experience but visuals as well.

4.2.Band of Experience in Dale’s Cone

· Direct Purposeful- these are first hand experiences which serves as the foundation of our learning. This is taken from meaning information and ideas through seeing, hearing, touching, tasting and smelling. It is considered as learning by doing,

Contrived Experiences- Makes use of representative models or mock ups of reality for practical reasons and make a real-life experiences that are accessible to student’s perceptions and understanding.

· Dramatized Experiences- By dramatization, students can participate in a constructed experience.

· Demonstrations – A visualized explanation of an important fact, idea or process by the use of photographs, drawings, films, displays or guided motion. It is showing how things are done.

· Study Trips- These are excursions and visits conducted to observe an event that is unavailable within the classrooms

· Exhibits – These are displays to be seen by spectators. They consists of working models arranged meaningfully or photographs with models, charts and posters. It is sometimes called “ for your eyes only”.

· Television and Motion pictures- This are reconstruction of reality of the past so effectively that we are made to feel we are there. The value of the messages communicated by the films lies in the feeling of realism, emphasis on persons personality, their organized presentations and their ability to select, dramatize, highlight and clarify

· Still pictures, recordings and radio- these are visual and auditory devices used by an individual or a group. Still pictures lack the sound and motion of a sound film. The radio broadcast of an actual event may often be likened to a televised broadcast minus its visual dimensions

· Visual Symbols- They are no longer realistic reproduction of physical things for these are highly abstract representations. Examples are charts, graphs, maps and diagrams.

· Verbal Symbols – They are not like the objects or ideas for which they stand. They usually do not contain visual clues to their meaning. Written words fall under this category. It may be a word for a concrete object (book), an idea (freedom of speech), scientific principle or a formula.

4.3. Three-tiered model of learning ( Jerome S. Bruner)

He points out that every area of knowledge can be presented and learned in three distinct steps.It is highly recommended that a learner proceed from ENACTIVE to ICONIC and only after to SYMBOLIC. The mind is often shocked into immediate abstraction at the highest level without the benefit of a gradual unfolding.

4.4. Pitfalls teachers should avoid on the use of Cone of Experience

1. Using one medium in isolation

2. Moving to abstract without adequate foundation of concrete experience

3. Getting stuck in the concrete without moving to the abstract hampers the development of students from engaging in Higher order thinking skills.

PORTFOLIO ASSESSMENT 5: ( Deadline of Submission July 21 & 22,2011)

NAme: ___________________________________ Score: ________________

Year & Section: ____________________________ Date: _________________

1. What is the Cone of Experience?( 5 points) ___________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

2. What are the sensory aids in the Cone of Experience ( 5 points)

______________________________________________________________________________

3. How are the experiences of reality arranged in the Cone of Experience? ( 5 points)

______________________________________________________________________________

4. Does the Cone of Experience device mean that all teaching and learning must move systematically from base to pinnacle? ( 5points) ___________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

5. Are the implications of Cone of Experience in the teaching-learning process the same things that are recommended by Bruner’s three-tiered model of learning? ( 5 points)

______________________________________________________________________________

6. Which learning aids in Edgar Dale’s Cone of Experience corresponds to each tier or level in Bruner’s model? Write your answers on the space provided below.( 15 points)

SYMBOLIC: _______________________________________

_________________________________________________

ICONIC___________________________________________

_________________________________________________

________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

ENACTIVE________________________________________

________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

MAKING CONNECTIONS:

1. After the lesson on the Cone of Experience, can you “ now explain why our teachers in Literature discourage us from reading only comics or illustrated version of novels which can be read in pocketbooks? ( 5 points)

2. How does the dictum in philosophy “ There is nothing in mind that was not first in the senses” relate to what you learned from the Cone of Experience? ( 5 points)

3. When Dale formulated the Cone of Experience, Computers were not yet a part of educational and home settings so they are not part of the original cone. The computer technology actively engages the learner who uses seeing, hearing and physical activity at the keyboard as well as range of mental skills, where will the computer be on the Cone? ( 5 points)